新《教育法》修正案将打击招考过程中的冒名顶替行为

China’s Education Law Amendment Clamps down on Identity Theft in Exams

A rural female student found out last year that her identity was stolen in the application process for university entrance examination in 2004. She thought she was not recruited in that year. Actually the stealing of her identity kept her life away from university education that could have completely changed her life curve. What an injustice![1]

去年，一名来自农村的女学生发现自己的身份在2004年高考的录取过程中被冒用。她原以为当年自己未被录取。事实上，由于身份被盗，她无缘大学教育，而这本来可能完全改变她的人生轨迹。这是多么的不公正啊!

This injustice will now be legally addressed. Education is pivotal to people’s wellbeing. The newly amended Education Law, which has come into force as of April 30, 2021, marks a new step forward for China to optimize its education legislation.

现在，修订后的法律将直面这种不公正的现象。教育对人民的福祉至关重要。修订后的《中华人民共和国教育法》（以下简称“《教育法》”）已自2021年4月30日实施，这标志着中国在优化其教育立法方面迈出了新的一步。

The amendment to the Education Law of the People’s Republic of China adds “work skills” as one of the standards of education along with moral grounding, intellectual and physical ability and aesthetic sensibility. It emphasizes the importance of promoting fine Chinese traditions, revolutionary heritage and advanced socialist culture in education. The critical role of education is also emphasized in improving well-rounded human development, stimulating the creative energy of the Chinese nation and fulfilling the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

除了原有的德育、智育、体育和美育，《教育法》修正案将“劳育”纳入基本准则。它强调了在教育中促进中国优良传统、革命传统和社会主义先进文化的重要性，还强调了教育对促进人的全面发展、激发中华民族的创造活力和实现民族复兴的中国梦的关键作用。

More importantly, in response to a public outcry over the identity theft cases in the national college entrance exam or gaokao, the amendment gives priority to the legal liabilities of such acts with harsher penalties being imposed.

更重要的是，为回应公众对招录过程中冒名顶替行为的愤慨，该修正案明确规定了此类行为的法律责任，并将对其实施更严厉的处罚。

Under this amendment, anyone who embezzles or falsely uses the identity of another person to obtain the admission qualification for higher education shall be disqualified from enrolling in the educational institution. He shall not take relevant national educational examinations for not less than two years but not more than five years. The academic degree certificates, educational qualification certificates and other types of education certificates already obtained shall be repealed by the issuing institution. Anyone working as a government employee who commits this act shall be dismissed from public office.

根据该项修正案，盗⽤、冒⽤他⼈⾝份，顶替他⼈取得的⼊学资格的，将被撤销⼊学资格，并责令停⽌参加相关国家教育考试⼆年以上五年以下。已经取得学位证书、学历证书或者其他学业证书的，由颁发机构撤销相关证书；已经成为公职⼈员的，依法给予开除处分。

The amendment also provides penalties for those who organize or instigate others to commit the above act and those who allow another person to use their identity to obtain the admission qualification. The unlawful gains involved, if any, shall be confiscated. And government employees doing so will receive relevant punishment according to the law. In the latter case, the wrong-doer will also be prohibited from taking relevant national educational examinations for not less than one year but not more than three years.

该修正案明确了对“组织、指使盗用或者冒用他人身份，顶替他人取得的入学资格”的行为，以及对“与他人串通，允许他人冒用本人身份，顶替本人取得的入学资格”的行为的处罚规定。对于上述违法行为，有违法所得的，没收违法所得；属于公职人员的，依法给予处分。对于后一类行为，教育行政部门或者其他有关行政部门责令其停止参加相关国家教育考试一年以上三年以下。

All the three acts involved in identity theft, if necessary, shall be subject to a penalty for public security administration or criminal punishment in applicable situations.

对于上述三类行为，构成违反治安管理行为的，由公安机关依法给予治安管理处罚；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

The amendment also, for the first time, provides relief for victims of identity theft. Those whose identity has been stolen for admission qualifications can request that they be re-admitted by the educational institution.

该修正案还首次规定了对上述三类行为受害者的救济方式。入学资格被顶替权利受到侵害的受害者，可以请求恢复其入学资格。

The amendment shows that China, with education equality as its top principle, has a zero-tolerance policy for any fraud in exams.

该修正案表明，中国将教育平等视作最高原则，并绝不容忍在招考程序中存在任何欺骗行为。

[1] See news report at news.cyol.com on June 11, 2020.